Latino Developmen Of Type - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2449 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Diabetes Essay Did you like this example? Abstract The objective of the research proposal in this paper is to analyze the development of type two diabetes in Latinos born in the United States, and/ or living in the United States for 3-5 years, and how it compares to the development of type two diabetes in Latinos born/ living outside the United States. Type two diabetes is described by the American Diabetes Association as follows, [when] your body does not use insulin properly. This is called insulin resistance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Latino Developmen Of Type" essay for you Create order [T]he pancreas makes extra insulin to make up for it. But, over time your pancreas isnt able to keep up and cant make enough insulin to keep your blood glucose levels normal. Type 2 is treated with lifestyle changes, oral medications (pills), and insulin. A solution will be proposed accordance with the findings of how lifestyle choices based on birthplace enable or prohibit the development of type two diabetes. The research methods used will be utilizing the Arizona State University Online Library Data-Base to find primary sources as well as other well credited online secondary resources, and research papers, to gather information needed for the analysis. The class text Health Issues in the Latino Community will also be used as a source for information research. Introduction It is well known amongst many Latino families that diabetes, specifically type two diabetes, is a disease that afflicts many families, and the Center for Disease Control (The CDC) says that as much as up to 50% if Latinos are likely to die due to diabetes, when compared to a white person. The CDC has also noticed that it makes a difference if a Latino person was born in the United States, or outside of the United States. It can be hypothesized that the disease would be prevalent in America, where dietary habits/ nutrition issues are a known problem, and an academic journal/ review by Sim?n Barquera, et al. entitled, Collaborative research and actions on both sides of the US-Mexico border to counteract type 2 diabetes in people of Mexican origin makes this hypothesis one of the research points the article focuses on. A quote from the article that demonstrates this can be seen here: Diverse factors have been hypothesized to underlie these vulnerabilities [to diabetes], including genetic susceptibility, perinatal conditions including malnutrition and breast-feeding practices, adverse dietary and lifestyle patterns related to acculturation (high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, processed foods and low physical activity), food insecurity and lower socioeconomic status, poor access to health services, receipt of poor quality healthcare services, communication barriers (such as limited literacy and limited English proficiency) [19, 20] and sub-optimal adherence to treatment recommendations. The root of the diabetes epidemic in the United States seems to be theoretically based on acculturation and healthcare access barriers, the next hypothesis would be to test if these common factors affect those across the border as much as it does to us in the US? Literature review of Diabetes research in Mexico and the US Mexicans that originate from Mexico have statistically lower rates of documented diabetes in the US, however this is in part due to the state of public health in Mexico is drastically different from that of the United States. According to the CDC, in an online web page titled, Vital Signs/ Hispanic Health published May 2015, Compared with US-born Hispanics, foreign-born Hispanics have: About half as much heart disease; 48% less cancer; 29% less high blood pressure; 45% more high total cholesterol. Meanwhile a quote from the Sim?n Barquera journal review describes the state of health in Mexico as such, While age-standardized death rates per 100,000 inhabitants due to T2D and cardiovascular diseases are similar in the US and Mexico (248.7 vs 199.9 /100,000 inhabitants), T2D mortality is much higher in Mexico (69.2 vs 16.6 /100,000 inhabitants) [5]. T2D has been increasing in Mexico since the 1980s and has become the leading cause of all-age mortality since 2000 [7]. Without having an average diet to examine for either group, it is be difficult to infer what specific lifestyle changes cause the increase in diabetes in Latinos. The affect of acculturation upon moving to the US has been mentioned in both the Barquera text, and the Health Issues in the Latino Community chapter written by Jose Alejandro Luchsinger, which is quoted as saying, Less acculturated Latinos were more likely to eat fruits, rice, beans, meat, fried foods, and whole milk than more acculturated Latinos. This change in diet attributed to acculturation, can be possibly connected to the ever-rising cost of living overall in the United States which creates a healthcare barrier for Latinos to avoid type 2 diabetes. Latinos born in the United States are born into a world of cheap unhealthy food, and even more food that advertises itself as healthy, but in reality, is no more nutritional than the alternative. The United States has also made efforts to help their Latino population diagnose and treat their diabetes with the National Diabetes Surveillance System. According to the United States Census Bureau official website, a population estimate for the year of 2017, published July 1st of that year, claimed that the total population of the United States was about 325,719,178 (about 325.7 million) people, and about 18.1% of the population are documented as Hispanic or Latino origin.[D] This 18.1% of Latinos are the population most likely to be acculturated into United States culture, and arguably the biggest contributor to diabetes in the United States culture is the Standard American Diet (SAD). The Standard American Diet (also called the Western Pattern Diet (WPD)) is described in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition as, a modern dietary pattern that is generally characterized by high intakes of red meat, processed meat, pre-packaged foods, butter, fried foods, high-fat dairy products, eggs, refined grains, potatoes, corn (and High-fructose corn syrup) and high-sugar drinks.[E] The consumption of these processed, fried, and prepackaged foods results in weight gain, especially during early childhood, to the point of obesity and pre-diabetes. Research journals which support this thesis, published by their respective individuals Kant (2004), Drewnowski (2007), and Yang (2012), state the following in relation to consumption of foods in the Standard American Diet: [F, G, H] There is a positive correlation between a Western pattern diet and several plasma biomarkers that may be mediators of obesity, such as HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and leptin.[F] Relative to a diet high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, and fish, a Western diet is associated with increased risk of being overweight among adolescents.[H] Meta-analyses have also shown that, compared to a healthy diet, a Western pattern diet is linked to increased weight gain among females.[G] This affects acculturated Latinos who may already have a genetic predisposition to diabetes, as processed foods exist everywhere, even in food insecure areas. Fast food is cheap and convenient, and many fast food restaurants even have a lower-budget menu to service those families that have lower incomes. Many prepackaged foods sold in grocery stores are processed to point that the original components of the food had to be re-fortified with nutrients in order to be considered healthy. A healthy diet is no easier to attain; a healthy diet is defined by Lean (2015) and the World Health Organization (2004) as a diet that helps to maintain or improve overall health. A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition: fluid, macronutrients, micronutrients, and adequate calories.[L] and a healthy diet is not complicated and contains mostly fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and includes little to no processed food and sweetened beverages.[K] So why arent Latinos buying these whole foods instead of processed foods? A possible explanation can be found in an online article written by Claypoole, in this article Claypoole explains that there is a price barrier that is at play: Produce is perishable. In fact, about 20 percent of all apples, oranges, lettuce and other fresh fruits and vegetables must be thrown away before even reaching shelves, according to Daily Finance. As a result, produce markups average 50 to 75 percent. Markup on products such as berries, which are easily bruised and have a short shelf life, may range even higher. And these price barriers to healthy food could be overcome, despite the markups many whole foods still remain affordable to those with even minimum wage paying jobs, however in the research journal published by Towers, there are also psychological barriers that have arisen Though the Latino participants found diet to be an important determinant of their risk for diabetes, they found their own diet to be less changeable than did their European American counterparts. The shared belief in the importance of diet accompanied by a difference in belief in the changeability of diet in their own lives suggests the presence of a perceived barrier to dietary changes specific to Latinos This effect can be magnified for Latinas, who have been cited as being less likely to make dietary changes to reduce diabetes risk in an effort not to inconvenience their families dietary habits (Carbone, Rosal, Torres, Goins, Bermudez, 2007). There is not as much immediately available information about the standard diet of Mexican people in Mexico, however the cost of living difference can allow one to infer that the majority of the immigrant population is most likely not making enough to eat take out every day. In an article written by Christopher Woody (2015), they explains that: The gap in wealth and in wages is visible across Mexicos economic strata. According to OECD figures, the countrys richest 10% earn more than 30 times what the poorest 10% make making it the most unequal of the organizations 34 countries. Mexicos bottom 20% doesnt make enough to eat three meals a day. That same year, the bottom 20% of Mexicans nearly 25 million people were worth an average of $80. Mexico has made multiple efforts on the national level to combat diabetes within the population, even giving its people who may not have healthcare opportunities as Barquera et al. (2018) explain, A number of national prevention policies have been implemented to curb the T2D epidemic in Mexico. Some of the more notable ones are 1) the 5 Pasos (Five Steps) national program in the 2006â€Å"2012 administration 2) the national healthy hydration recommendations, 3) healthy nutrition guidelines for the school environment, 4) a national agreement for healthy nutrition (2010), which subsequently became a national policy (2013), 5) the Ch ©cate, m ­dete, muvete (Check yourself, test yourself, and move) national program and 6) a national 10% excise tax on soda and sugar-sweetened beverages, which has been demonstrated to yield a substantial reduction in consumption and potential health benefits [8, 25â€Å"28]. The United States has also made efforts through to help Latinos overcome healthcare barriers and become more aware of diabetes and diagnosing those who may not know they already have the disease, as Barquera et al. (2018) go on to say: While not solely intended as a policy-level intervention to reduce the burden of T2D among Mexican-Americans, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 (Obamacare) has made early diagnosis and management of T2D more accessible for Mexican-Americans in California. The first five years of the program yielded a reduction in the uninsured Hispanic-Americans from 26 to 16%. By comparison, among non-Hispanic whites, rates fell from 14 to 10% over the same time period. Conclusion The diabetes epidemic affects people on both sides of the border of the US and Mexico. While in the US there are multiple causes that require further examination, and preventative action by the United States government, the causes of diabetes in Mexico are not as clear. The most likely explanation is diet, and the Mexican government has taken multiple steps in creating programs to help their people become aware of what dietary patterns might be contributors to diabetes. Latinos who have become acculturated in the United States may have fallen into a pattern of eating unhealth foods, while not having access to health care. In response the US has made programs directed at Latinos such as the affordable care act in order to erase this barrier. References American Diabetes Association. Facts about Type 2. 2018 https://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/facts-about-type-2.html?loc=db-slabnav Barquera, S., Schillinger, D., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Et Al. (2018). Collaborative Research and Actions on Both Sides of the US-Mexico Border to Counteract Type 2 Diabetes in People of Mexican Origin, 1-10. Retrieved October 07, 2018, from https://globalizationandhealth-biomedcentral-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/track/pdf/10.1186/s12992-018-0390-5. L., ,., Agne, A. A., A. K., Pavela, G., Carson, A. P., . . . Cherrington, A. L. ((2018)). Diabetes risk scores for Hispanics living in the United States: A systematic review. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 142(120), 129th ser., 1-10. Retrieved October 09, 2018, from https://ac-els-cdn-com.ezproxy1.lib.asu.edu/S0168822717317643/1-s2.0-S0168822717317643-main.pdf?_tid=0384b858-9dff-4cea-9ab1-5bb9209b00afacdnat=1539135701_6c970405afabd1ddb7f26939f8679420. Towers, M. J. (n.d.). Evaluating Social Influence in Health: Diabetes Assessments among Latinos. Retrieved October 09, 2018, from https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/133379/content/Towers_M_Spring_2014.pdf Vital Signs Hispanic Health. (2015, May 05). Retrieved October 08, 2018, from https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/hispanic-health/index.html Marilyn Aguirre-Molina;Carlos W. Molina;Ruth Enid Zambrana. Health Issues in the Latino Community (Public Health/Vulnerable Populations) (Kindle Location 30). Kindle Edition. D U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: UNITED STATES. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217 E Halton, Thomas L; Willett, Walter C; Liu, Simin; Manson, JoAnn E; Stampfer, Meir J; Hu, Frank B (2006). Potato and french fry consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 83 (2): 284â€Å"90. PMID 16469985 F Kant, Ashima K. (2004). Dietary patterns and health outcomes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 104 (4): 615â€Å"635. doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.01.010. G Drewnowski, Adam (2007-01-01). The Real Contribution of Added Sugars and Fats to Obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews. 29 (1): 160â€Å"171. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm011. ISSN 0193-936X. H Yang, Wai Yew; Williams, Lauren T; Collins, Clare; Swee, Chee Winnie Siew (2012). The relationship between dietary patterns and overweight and obesity in children of Asian developing countries: A Systematic Review. JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. 10 (58): 4568â€Å"4599. doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2012-407. I Cordain, Loren; Eaton, S. Boyd; Sebastian, Anthony; Mann, Neil; Lindeberg, Staffan; Watkins, Bruce A.; OKeefe, James H.; Brand-Miller, Janette (2005-02-01). Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 81 (2): 341â€Å"354. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 15699220. J Claypoole, Cheryl. (n.d.). How Do Supermarkets Determine Markup on Produce Cigarettes? Small Business Chron.com. Retrieved from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/supermarkets-determine-markup-produce-cigarettes-80905.html K Lean, Michael E.J. (2015). Principles of Human Nutrition. Medicine. 43 (2): 61â€Å"65. doi:10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.009. L World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2004). Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition (PDF) (2. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 978-9241546126. M Woody, C. (2015, August 02). Mexicos wage crisis is so bad that it violates whats stipulated in the Constitution. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/mexicans-get-paid-less-for-their-work-than-any-other-developed-country-2015-7

What America Is Doing About the Homeless - 4088 Words

There are many things in life that can strike one when they least expect it. The situation could either be winning the lotto or something bad like catching a fatal sickness, but no matter what it is, both will have a huge effect on ones life. Homelessness can happen to anyone at any given moment in their life for over a hundred different reasons. It does not even have to be their fault. For this reason exactly is why Americans should consider this a major crisis today. The amount of people becoming homeless in America is constantly growing. Although some people can get out of being homeless pretty quickly, more and more people are becoming homeless every day, and the more people that become homeless, the more people crowd the streets†¦show more content†¦Within the past few years Obama has gotten involved by signing the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a small section of the act spoke about the prevention of homelessness, giving 1.5 billion dollars for a H omeless Prevention Fund. This was called the Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program other wises known as the HPRP. Around the same time Obama also signed the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act, also know as the HEARTH Act. By doing this he reauthorized the Homeless Assistance programs, which was part of the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act of 2009. The HEARTH act lets things prevail such as the stoppage of homelessness, rapid re-housing, and the merging of housing programs. 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Movie Overview Sense and Sensibility Essay Example For Students

Movie Overview Sense and Sensibility Essay Throughout the film Sense and Sensibility, the use of body language, music, weather, and color, are clearly presented to the audience. The film is â€Å"a spirited and moving look at social mores and how disparate personalities dealt with them in early 19th century England† (Leonard Matlin). What makes the film the type that Matlin describes is the skillful use of the key elements. An example of the elements of body language and weather is shown in the scene when John Willoughby comes to the Dashwood house to pay his respect to Marianne, who is Elinor’s sister, after she had fallen the day before and â€Å"received particular spirit from his exterior attractions† (Austen 36). At the beginning of this scene, the weather is calm and the sky is bright. The chirping of birds is heard in the background, making the audience aware that it is a peaceful summer afternoon. The weather hints at a sentimental and peaceful time in the sister’s life and gives us the impression of an exciting scene to come. Before Willoughby arrives at the house, the girls are all preparing by dressing up, cleaning the house, and making sure their hair and face look presentable and intriguing. They see Willoughby as â€Å"a young man of good abilities, quick imagination, lively spirits, and open, affectionate manners,† (Austen 41) which is why they are working so hard to look decent for him. When they hear that he is walking up to the door, they are smiling and becoming anxious. As he finally walks into the house, the girls greet him at the same time with huge smiles. The actors do an incredible job of displaying their body language and facial expressions through movements and hand motions. Facial expressions are very prominent at this moment because the Dashwoods are not always smiling and cheerful, but at this exact moment, the audience can tell that they are eager and looking forward to what lays ahead. In this scene, Marianne is more excited to see Willoughby than she is Colonel Brandon. This is clear by the way she acts so underwhelmed at the sight of Brandon’s flowers, and then how surprised she is by Willoughby’s flowers even though it is clear that he had merely picked the flowers from a garden. She places Colonel Brandon’s flowers on the table, but then insists to have Willoughby’s flowers right next to her on the ledge. Through her body language and facial expressions, it is easy to see which man she is favoring and more intrigued by. Another scene in the movie that presents the elements of music and color is when Mrs. Jennings tells Marianne and Elinor that Edward Ferris is engaged to Lucy Steele. At the beginning of this scene, as Mrs. Jennings is running to the Dashwood house to tell them the news, there is music playing in the background that sounds very rushed and uneasy, which implies that there will be an important discovery or rumor. The colors are very blunt and dark, and both the sisters are wearing dull colored dresses, making the moment perfect because Elinor is grief-stricken and Marianne is confused and frustrated. After Mrs. Jennings tells the girls the news and leaves, Elinor â€Å" into violent hysterics immediately† (Austen 217), astounded to finally hear that the engagement is real. This scene is quite fast, but it is played out very well with the music choice at the beginning and the colors that the girls are wearing. Because of the presentation of these elements, the audience is able to recognize the grief and sorrow of the girls and can interpret the situation clearly. From the very beginning, the suspenseful music helped put the scene into play and made Mrs. Jennings’ actions more dramatic and sudden. In turn, the colors become all the more powerful in scenes that are tense and tragic. They help to bring together the emotional aspect of the scene and make known the grief that each girl is feeling. With dark colors we know it is not a pleasant time but more of a troubled, upset time. With light colors on the other hand, it is easy to predict happiness and joy. At this point, Marianne begins to cry and Elinor is the one to comfort her. Elinor unselfishly puts aside her emotions to comfort Marianne. The final scene includes elements of color, weather, and music. As Marianne takes a walk in the garden she is wearing a dark colored dress with a grey cardigan. During this whole scene, sorrowful and gentle music is played, giving the audience the feeling of grief and gratitude for Marianne. At the very beginning we can tell that Marianne is on a walk to clear her head and we also notice that she is sad and lonely by her dark colored clothes and the sad music. The weather is very dark and cloudy as it starts to thunder and lightning, then eventually starts pouring rain. This symbolizes the sadness Marianne is feeling about Willoughby and her broken heart. While walking up the hill towards Willoughby’s house, the wind and rain start to pick up and Marianne is soaking wet. When she reaches the top and sees Willoughby’s house, she â€Å"cries out the Shakespearean love sonnet that she and Willoughby had bonded over when they first met: ‘Let me not to the marriage of true minds/ Admit impediments. Love is not love/ Which alters when it alteration finds, /Or bends with the remover to remove: /O no! t is an ever-fixed mark /That looks on tempests and is never shaken; /It is the star to every wandering bark, /Whose worth’s unknown, although his height be taken. /Love’s not Time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks /Within his bending sickle’s compass come: /Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, /But bears it out even to the edge of doom. /If this be error and upon me proved, /I never writ, nor no ma n ever loved. ’ –William Shakespeare† (Shakespeares Sonnets) . This whole scene is very dramatic because in the end, Colonel Brandon comes to save her and carries her back to the house through the rain. In Space, No One Can Hear You Scream EssayElinor has qualities of sense, â€Å"reason, restraint, social responsibility, and a clear-headed concern for the welfare of others† (sparknotes) and shows this with her struggle to conceal her regards with Edward Ferris. Whereas Marianne has qualities of sensibility, â€Å"emotion, spontaneity, impulsiveness, and rapturous devotion† (sparknotes), and represents this by her open regards for Willoughby. These two qualities show a use of revelry in the value system, with â€Å"sense leading the mind to exercise prudence and ordered reason and sensibility relying on the intrinsic goodness of the emotions to provide moral direction† (Watson). The way each girl shows their love for these men, and their â€Å"attitudes toward the men they love, and how to express that love, reflect their opposite temperaments† (sparknotes) and really brings out each girl’s sense and sensibility. Edward’s moral development occurs gradually â€Å"from this initial stasis to a period of compulsory action as the revelation of his engagement to Lucy Steele forces him to reject his own dreams of happiness and his family’s ambitions for him in order to preserve his honor† (Watson). Edward ignores both sense and sensibility until he is freed from his engagement with Lucy Steel and rushes to propose to Elinor. This proposal unites sense and sensibility suggesting that â€Å"neither sense nor sensibility is independently adequate as a moral guide. Rather, happiness depends on one’s ability to balance these two qualities in the exercise of independent action† (Watson). A healthy marriage will guide Edward’s mutual improvement whereas an unhealthy relationship will result in a reversal of that improvement (Watson). Lastly, another passage in the book which is different in the film that can â€Å"add a deeper, visual understanding of the story, particularly within the theme of sensibility† (PerkAlert) is when Willoughby rescues Marianne in the rain. In general, Marianne is walking with her younger sister and it begins to rain and Marianne falls down and cannot get back up. Fortunately, Willoughby is nearby and aids her. In the novel, Willoughby rescues Marianne on foot, â€Å" gentleman carrying a gun, with two pointers playing round him, was passing up the hill and within a few yards of Marianne when her accident happened. He put down his gun and ran to her assistance† (Austen 35). In the movie, Willoughby is riding up on a white horse to rescue Marianne; this dramatic scene â€Å"is one of the movie’s vivid representations of Marianne’s thematic sensibility. Additionally, Margaret is almost â€Å"trampled† when the horse rears up, which seems to foreshadow how Willoughby later tramples Marianne’s heart with his betrayal† (PerkAlert). The movies portrayal of Willoughby and his horse represents the novels reference of Queen Mab, â€Å"ut Marianne, the horse is still yours, though you cannot use it now. I shall keep it only till you can claim it. When you leave Barton to form your own establishment in a more lasting home, Queen Mab shall receive you† (Austen 50). Marianne had to decline however in failure that their family could not afford the upkeep of a horse. The name Queen Mab â€Å"is an allusion to the imaginary â€Å"fairies’ midwife† from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, who rides her chariot across lovers’ brains to produce tantalizing dreams. Yet, these dreams, according to Mercutio, are â€Å"begot of nothing but fantasy† and are â€Å"more inconstant than the wind† (Act I, Scene iv)† (PerkAlert). With this evidence, the horse can very well represent Marianne’s relationship with Willoughby and how it is â€Å"a perfect fantasy that Marianne will never have† (PerkAlert). Toward the end of the film there is another rescue scene, but this time between Marianna and Colonel Brandon. Marianne steals away for a walk and gets caught in the rain, but continues to walk toward Willoughby’s estate and mourn the loss of her lover. Brandon must rescue Marianne, who’s senseless with sorrow. This scene is much simpler in the book, â€Å"there is no grief-stricken call out to Willoughby in the rain or dramatic rescue by Brandon† (PerkAlert), Marianna just takes several walks in the evening. The film effectively sums up Marianne’s suffering over Willoughby in one sense while in the novel. Marianne’s heart ache seems to last much longer. The act of Brandon saving Marianne in this final scene â€Å"labels Colonel Brandon as Marianne’s rescuer† (PerkAlert). This label is not in the book, but brings meaning to the film as it â€Å"draws visual romantic attention to Colonel Brandon’s unwavering love for Marianne† (PerkAlert). Bibliography: Ebert, Roger. Sense And Sensibility Movie Review (1995) | Roger Ebert.All Content. N.p., 13 Dec. 1995. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. Ferrà ¡s Wolwacz, Andrea. The Adaptation of Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen into a Film; Comments on Emma Thompson’s Diaries.Academia.edu. Academia, 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. PerkAlert. Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility: A Fresh Comparison.  The Artifice. N.p., 4 Mar. 2014. Web. 08 Feb. 2015. Sense and Sensibility.  SparkNotes. SparkNotes, 2015. Web. 09 Feb. 2015. Shakespeares Sonnets.  Shakespeares Sonnets. Oxquarry Books Ltd, 2014. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. Stovel, Nora.  Nora Stovel. Jane Austen Society of Noth America, n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2015. Watson, Mary.  Mary Watson. Jane Austen Society of Noth America, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015.